What is Melasma?

Melasma is a skin condition characterized by gray-brown, freckle-like dark patches that typically appear on sun-exposed areas of the skin. It is most commonly associated with pregnancy but can also develop due to other factors. While these patches may sometimes fade on their own, in some cases personalized treatment may be required.

Melasma is generally harmless, painless, and causes no physical discomfort. It most often appears on the face—such as the cheeks, nose, chin, and lips—but can also develop on the arms, neck, and back.

The main cause of melasma is excessive sun exposure, which triggers the overproduction of melanin by skin pigment cells. Other causes include pregnancy, hormonal changes, and genetic predisposition.

Causes of Melasma

Melasma occurs when melanocytes, the cells responsible for skin pigmentation, produce too much melanin. This leads to hyperpigmentation and the development of dark spots.

The primary factors that trigger melasma include:

• Excessive sun exposure

• Pregnancy

• Birth control treatments

• Hormonal changes

• Genetic factors

• Hypothyroidism

• Use of cosmetic and skincare products

• LED light exposure from technological devices

• Certain anti-seizure medications

Symptoms of Melasma

The most specific sign of melasma is the appearance of dark brown, gray, or freckle-like patches on the face. In some cases, these spots may appear reddish or inflamed. Beyond the face, melasma may also occur on the cheeks, lips, nose, chin, arms, or back.

Common symptoms include:

• Dark brown, gray, or freckle-like spots on the face

• Occasional redness or inflammation in affected areas

• Spots on cheeks, lips, nose, and chin

• In some cases, dark patches on the arms or back

Diagnosis of Melasma

Melasma is typically diagnosed through a clinical skin examination. A specialist may use a special light to analyze the patches. In some cases, since melasma can resemble other skin conditions, a small skin biopsy may be performed for accurate diagnosis.

Treatment for Melasma

The goal of melasma treatment is to lighten dark spots and prevent further pigmentation. Several treatment options can be used depending on the severity of the condition.

Medical treatments may include:

• Topical creams containing licorice extract

• Chemical peels

• Azelaic acid

• Cysteamine creams

• Hydroquinone and hydrocortisone-based medications

Lifestyle and prevention tips:

• Avoid direct sun exposure until the patches improve

• Pause hormonal therapy if possible

• Limit exposure to LED lights from electronic devices

• Avoid harsh makeup or skincare products that irritate the skin

• Stay away from tanning beds

If topical medications and lifestyle adjustments are not sufficient, a specialist may recommend alternative advanced treatments tailored to the patient’s condition.